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<title>Antitheism</title>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a> and <a href="Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a></div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li>

<li><a href="Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li>

<li><a href="Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li>

<li><a href="Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li>

<li><a href="Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li>

<li><a href="Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li>

<li><a href="Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.4em;">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_atheism" title="History of atheism">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Demographics_of_atheism" title="Demographics of atheism">Demographics</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Discrimination/Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_atheists" title="Lists of atheists">Lists of atheists</a></li></ul>

</div></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;">

Forms and variations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.4em;">

<ul><li><a href="Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive</a></li>

<li><a href="State_atheism" title="State atheism">State</a></li></ul>

</div></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;">

Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.4em;">

</div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Atheism_and_religion" title="Atheism and religion">Relationship between atheism and religion</a></span></li>

<li><a href="Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Strong_agnosticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong agnosticism">Strong</a></li>

<li><a href="Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">Agnostic atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_agnostics" title="List of agnostics">List of agnostics</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Lists_of_atheists" title="Lists of atheists">Atheists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_agnostics" title="List of agnostics">Agnostics</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_secular_humanists" title="List of secular humanists">Humanists</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Breaking_the_Spell%3A_Religion_as_a_Natural_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon">Breaking the Spell</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_System_of_Nature" title="The System of Nature">The System of Nature</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Why_I_Am_an_Atheist" title="Why I Am an Atheist">Why I Am an Atheist</a></i></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="List_of_irreligious_organizations" title="List of irreligious organizations">List of irreligious organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">

<ul><li><a href="American_Atheists" title="American Atheists">American Atheists</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Atheist_Alliance_International" title="Atheist Alliance International">Atheist Alliance International</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Freedom From Religion Foundation">Freedom From Religion Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanists_International" title="Humanists International">Humanists International</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a></li>

<li><a href="Rational_Response_Squad" title="Rational Response Squad">Rational Response Squad</a></li>

<li><a href="Recovering_from_Religion" title="Recovering from Religion">Recovering from Religion</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_countries_by_irreligion" title="List of countries by irreligion">Countries by irreligion</a></li>

<li><a href="Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li></ul>

}}</div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_countries_by_irreligion" title="List of countries by irreligion">Irreligion by country</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<p><b>Antitheism</b>, also spelled <b>anti-theism</b>, is the philosophical position that <a href="Theism" title="Theism">theism</a> should be opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-Cline-About_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cline-About-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FreeDict-antitheism_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeDict-antitheism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has had a range of applications. In <a href="Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> contexts, it typically refers to direct opposition to the belief in any <a href="Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>. Unlike <a href="Antireligion" title="Antireligion">antireligion</a>, antitheism is not against those religions that do not have deities, such as some sects of <a href="Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

<p>The word <i>antitheism</i> (or hyphenated <i>anti-theism</i>) has been recorded in English since 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-EtymOnln-antitheism_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EtymOnln-antitheism-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Etymology" title="Etymology">etymological</a> roots of the word are the <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF" class="extiw external" title="wikt:ἀντί">anti</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw external" title="wikt:θεός">theos</a>.</i>

</p><p>The <i><a href="Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> defines <i>antitheist</i> as "One opposed to belief in the existence of a god". The earliest citation given for this meaning dates from 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-OED-1970_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1970-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FreeDict-antitheism_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeDict-antitheism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was likely coined by <a href="Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_to_theism">Opposition to theism</h2></div>

<p><i>Antitheism</i> has been adopted as a label by those who regard <a href="Theism" title="Theism">theism</a> as dangerous, destructive, or encouraging of harmful behavior. <a href="Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-Hitchens-2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchens-2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> I'm not even an <a href="Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a> so much as I am an <i>antitheist</i>; I not only maintain that all religions are versions of the same untruth, but I hold that the influence of churches, and the effect of religious belief, is positively harmful.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitchens-2001_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchens-2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_to_the_idea_of_God">Opposition to the idea of God</h2></div>

<p>Other definitions of antitheism include that of the French Catholic philosopher <a href="Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a> (1953), for whom it is "an active struggle against everything that reminds us of God".<sup id="cite_ref-Maritain-1953_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maritain-1953-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <i>definition</i> of <a href="Robert_Flint_(theologian)" title="Robert Flint (theologian)">Robert Flint</a> (1877), Professor of Divinity at the <a href="University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> was similar. Flint's 1877 <a href="The_Baird_Lecture" title="The Baird Lecture">Baird Lecture</a> was titled <i>Anti-Theistic Theories</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flint-1894_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint-1894-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used <i>"antitheism"</i> as a very general <a href="Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> for all opposition to his own form of theism, which he defined as:

</p><p>the "belief that the heavens and the earth and all that they contain owe their existence and continuance to the wisdom and will of a supreme, self-existent, omnipotent, omniscient, righteous, and benevolent Being, who is distinct from, and independent of, what He has created."<sup id="cite_ref-Flint-1894_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint-1894-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  1">(p 1)</span></sup>

</p><p>However, Flint also acknowledged that antitheism is typically understood differently from how he defines it. In particular, he notes that it has been used as a subdivision of <a href="Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>, descriptive of the view that <a href="Theism" title="Theism">theism</a> has been disproven, rather than as the more general term that Flint preferred. He rejected the alternative <i><a href="Nontheism" title="Nontheism">non-theistic</a>:</i> not merely because of its hybrid origin and character, but also because it is far too comprehensive. The theories of physical and mental science are non-theistic, even when in no degree, directly or indirectly, antagonistic to theism.<sup id="cite_ref-Flint-1894_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint-1894-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  444–445">(p 444–445)</span></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other,_similar_terms">Other, similar terms</h2></div>

<ul><li><i><a href="Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></i> means "belief in a deity that is <i>not</i> benevolent".</li>

<li><i><a href="Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></i>, means "hatred of God".</li></ul>

<p>Examples of belief systems founded on the principle of opposition to the existence of a god or gods include some forms of <a href="LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">Atheistic Satanism</a> and <a href="Misotheism#maltheism" title="Misotheism">maltheism</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Different_definitions_of_"antitheism"">Different definitions of "antitheism"</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Misotheism#Terminology" title="Misotheism">Misotheism § Terminology</a></div>

<p><a href="Christopher_New" title="Christopher New">Christopher New</a> (1993)<sup id="cite_ref-New-1993-06_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-1993-06-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed an altered definition of the word <i>antitheism</i> as part of a thought experiment. He imagines what arguments for the existence of an <i>evil</i> god would look like, and writes:</p><blockquote><p>Antitheists, like theists, would have believed in an omnipotent, omniscient, eternal creator; but whereas theists in fact believe that the supreme being is also perfectly good, antitheists would have believed that he was perfectly evil.<sup id="cite_ref-New-1993-06_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-1993-06-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>New's changed definition has reappeared in the work of W.A. Murphree.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphree-1997-03_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphree-1997-03-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li>

<li><a href="Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism (philosophy)</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-theism" title="Post-theism">Post-theism</a></li>

<li><a href="Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFCline,_Austin" class="citation web cs1">Cline, Austin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219190032/http://atheism.about.com/od/atheismatheiststheism/a/AntiTheism.htm">"<i>Atheism</i> and <i>anti-theism</i>: What's the difference? What is "anti-theism"?"</a>. <i><a href="About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atheism.about.com/od/atheismatheiststheism/a/AntiTheism.htm">the original</a> on 2013-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-23</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/antitheism">"antitheism"</a>. <i><a href="The_Free_Dictionary" title="The Free Dictionary">The Free Dictionary</a></i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=antitheism&allowed_in_frame=0">"antitheism"</a>. <i><a href="Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"antitheism". <i>The Shorter OED</i> (reprint ed.). 1970. p. 78.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNoce2022" class="citation book cs1">Noce, Augusto Del (5 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mPYrEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22coined%22+%22anti-theism%22+%22proudhon%22&pg=PT281"><i>The Problem of Atheism</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780228009382</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFHitchens2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Hitchens, C.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090915172725/http://www.commonwealthclub.org/archive/01/01-12hitchens-excerpt.html">"Letters to a Young Contrarian"</a> (Book Excerpt). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commonwealthclub.org/archive/01/01-12hitchens-excerpt.html">the original</a> on 2009-09-15.</cite><br>

<i>See also</i> Wikipedia article <i><a href="Letters_to_a_Young_Contrarian" title="Letters to a Young Contrarian">Letters to a Young Contrarian</a></i></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFMaritain1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain, J.</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130407012751/http://www3.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/range.htm"><i>The Range of Reason</i></a>. London, UK: Geoffrey Bles. p. 104. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/range.htm">the original</a> on 2013-04-07.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFFlint1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Robert_Flint_(theologian)" title="Robert Flint (theologian)">Flint, Robert</a> (1894) [1877]. <i>Anti-Theistic Theories: Being the <a href="Baird_Lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Baird Lecture">Baird Lecture</a> for 1877</i> (5th ed.). London, UK: William Blackwood and Sons.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-New-1993-06-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New-1993-06_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New-1993-06_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNew1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Christopher_New" title="Christopher New">New, C.</a> (June 1993). "Antitheism – a reflection". <i>Ratio</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">36–</span>43. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9329.1993.tb00051.x">10.1111/j.1467-9329.1993.tb00051.x</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1997" class="citation journal cs1">Daniels, Charles B. (June 1997). "God, demon, good, evil". <i>The Journal of Value Inquiry</i>. <b>31</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">177–</span>181. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1004275010090">10.1023/A:1004275010090</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169336704">169336704</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFMurphree1997" class="citation journal cs1">Murphree, Wallace A. (March 1997). "Natural theology: Theism or antitheism". <i>Sophia</i>. <b>36</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">75–</span>83. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02786044">10.1007/BF02786044</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170924107">170924107</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBarker,_Dan1993" class="citation web cs1">Barker, Dan (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051126021026/http://ffrf.org/fttoday/back/evangel.html">"Evangelistic atheism: Leading believers astray"</a>. <i>Freethought Today</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ffrf.org/fttoday/back/evangel.html">the original</a> on 2005-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-11-26</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li>Browne, Janet (2002). <i>The Power of Place</i>, Volume 2 of the <i>Biography of Charles Darwin</i>. Alfred Knopf</li>

<li>Hitchens, Christopher (2001). <i>Letters to a Young Contrarian (<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-465-03032-7</bdi>)</i>. New York: Basic Books.</li>

<li>Maritain, Jacques (1953). <i>The Range of Reason.</i> London: Geoffrey Bles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130407012751/http://www3.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/range.htm">Electronic Text</a>

<ul><li>Note: Chapter 8, <i>The Meaning of Contemporary Atheism</i> (p. 103–117, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/range08.htm">Electronic Text</a>) is reprinted from <i>Review of Politics</i>, Vol. 11 (3) July 1949, p. 267–280 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051113062053/http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/jm3303.htm">Electronic Text</a>. A version also appears <i>The Listener</i>, Vol. 43 No.1102, 9 March 1950. pp. 427–429, 432.</li></ul></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSegal,_David2006" class="citation news cs1">Segal, David (26 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/25/AR2006102501998.html">"Atheist evangelist"</a>. <i><a href="The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> (article). p. C01.</cite></li>

<li>Witham, Larry (2003). <i>By Design</i>, Encounter Books</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWolff2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Wolff, Gary (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.11/atheism.html?pg=1&topic=atheism&topic_set=">"The new atheism: The church of the non-believers"</a>. <i><a href="Wired_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired magazine">Wired magazine</a></i> (reprint).</cite></li>

<li>Wright, N.T. (2005). <i>The Last Word</i>, Harper San Francisco</li>

<li>OHCHR (2024). Hatred based on religion or belief must be addressed holistically.</li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a>

<ul><li><a href="Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Agnostic_theism" title="Agnostic theism">Agnostic theism</a></li>

<li><a href="Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li>

<li><a href="Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">Agnostic atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Christian atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism"><span class="wrap">Theological noncognitivism</span></a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li>

<li><a href="Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ceremonial_deism" title="Ceremonial deism">Ceremonial deism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_deism" title="Christian deism">Christian deism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li>

<li><a href="Polytheism#Polydeism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dipolar_theism" title="Dipolar theism">Dipolar theism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li>

<li><a href="Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_theism" title="Liberal theism">Liberal theism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li>

<li><a href="Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ethical_monotheism" title="Ethical monotheism">Ethical monotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-monotheism" title="Post-monotheism">Post-monotheism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Post-theism" title="Post-theism">Post-theism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li>

<li><a href="Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Classical_pantheism" title="Classical pantheism">Classical pantheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Hylotheism" title="Hylotheism">Hylotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Naturalistic_pantheism" title="Naturalistic pantheism">Naturalistic pantheism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Philosophical_theism" title="Philosophical theism">Philosophical theism</a></li>

<li><a href="Physitheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Physitheism">Physitheism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Skeptical_theism" title="Skeptical theism">Skeptical theism</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Tritheism" title="Tritheism">Tritheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul>

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